Our Solar System
1. The Sun (सूर्य)
Type
Yellow Dwarf star, also called G-type main-sequence star.
Diameter
About 1.39 million kilometers wide.
Mass
It has 99.86% of the mass of our solar system.
Temperature
Surface is around 5,500°C. Core is 15 million °C.
Made of
Mainly Hydrogen (74%) and Helium (24%).
Scientific Info
Energy comes from nuclear fusion. Layers: Core → Radiative Zone → Convective Zone → Photosphere → Chromosphere → Corona.
Fun Facts
- 1 million Earths can fit inside the Sun.
- Loses 4 million tons of mass every second as energy.
- Will turn into a red giant after 5 billion years, then a white dwarf.
- Sunlight takes 8 minutes 20 seconds to reach Earth.
- सूर्य हर सेकंड में इतनी ऊर्जा छोड़ता है जितनी इंसान 500,000 साल में नहीं बना सकता।
Shocking Fact
अगर सूर्य का 1% हिस्सा पृथ्वी पर आ जाए, तो पूरी पृथ्वी वाष्प बन जाएगी।
Deep Science
Core में हर सेकंड 600 मिलियन टन हाइड्रोजन हीलियम में बदलता है और गामा किरणें बनती हैं।
Unbelievable
अगर स्पेस में सूर्य की आवाज सुनाई देती, तो वह इतनी तेज होती कि सब कुछ पिघल जाता।
2. Mercury (बुध ग्रह)
Position
1st planet from the Sun.
Size
Smallest planet in the solar system.
Day Length
One day lasts 59 Earth days.
Year Length
One year = 88 Earth days.
Atmosphere
Very thin — just traces of oxygen and sodium. Technically called an exosphere.
Temperature
From −180°C at night to 430°C during the day.
Surface
Heavily cratered, looks similar to the Moon.
Special
No moons. Extreme day-night temperature difference.
Scientific Info
- Orbit Period: 88 days
- Rotation Period: 59 days
- Diameter: ~4,879 km
- Surface Gravity: 0.38g
- Orbital Position: 1st from Sun
- Atmosphere: Exosphere
Fun Facts
- 1 Mercury day = 2/3 of its year.
- No atmosphere means wild temperature swings.
- Mercury has a massive iron core — 85% of its radius.
Fact
Mercury पर एक दिन (सूर्योदय से सूर्यास्त) 176 पृथ्वी दिन के बराबर होता है।
Shocking Fact
रात में इतना ठंडा कि lead भी जम जाए, और दिन में इतना गर्म कि lead पिघल जाए।
Deep Science
Mercury का magnetic field पृथ्वी के जैसा है, जबकि उसका core solid नहीं है।
Different
North pole के shadowed crater में surface पर ice मौजूद है।
Unbelievable
इतनी कम gravity कि वहां खड़े होकर ऊंची छलांग मारोगे तो वापस आने में 5 सेकंड लगेंगे!
3. Venus (शुक्र ग्रह)
Position
2nd planet from the Sun.
Day Length
243 Earth days — rotates backward (retrograde).
Year Length
One year = 225 Earth days.
Atmosphere
Very thick. Made of 96% carbon dioxide and clouds of sulfuric acid.
Temperature
Average surface temperature ~465°C — hottest planet in the solar system.
Surface
Covered with volcanoes and rocky plains. Crushed under intense pressure.
Special
Retrograde rotation — Sun rises in the west.
Scientific Info
- Orbit Period: 225 days
- Rotation Period: 243 days (retrograde)
- Surface Pressure: 92x that of Earth
- Atmosphere: Mostly CO₂, sulfuric acid clouds
- Temperature: ~465°C
Fun Facts
- Venus rotates backwards — Sun rises in the west.
- A day is longer than its year.
- Surface is volcanic and crushed by atmosphere.
Fun Fact
Venus पर एक दिन इतना लंबा होता है कि आप वहां एक सुबह का इंतज़ार करते-करते बूढ़े हो सकते हो।
Shocking Fact
Venus का pressure submarine से भी ज्यादा है — वहाँ इंसान 3 सेकंड में कुचला जाएगा।
Deep Science
Greenhouse effect की वजह से Venus की सतह Mercury से भी ज्यादा गर्म है।
Different
Venus की clouds में microscopic life के signals मिलने के दावे हुए हैं — जैसे phosphine gas detection।
Unbelievable
Venus की rotation इतनी धीमी और उल्टी है कि आप वहां उल्टी दिशा में sunrise देख सकते हो।
4. Earth (पृथ्वी)
Position
3rd planet from the Sun.
Only Planet With
Confirmed life and liquid water.
Atmosphere
78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, rest Argon and CO₂.
Temperature Range
−88°C to 58°C.
Water Coverage
71% of Earth's surface.
Moon
1 natural satellite — “Moon” (चंद्रमा).
Scientific Info
- Orbit Period: 365.25 days
- Rotation: 24 hours
- Moons: 1
- Surface Water: 71%
- Magnetic Field: Strong — blocks solar wind
Fun Facts
- Only planet with life and liquid water.
- Moon stabilizes Earth's tilt — causes seasons.
- Earth's crust has tectonic plates.
Fun Fact
हर दिन पृथ्वी थोड़ी धीमी हो रही है। 100 million साल बाद दिन 25 घंटों का होगा।
Shocking Fact
Earth के core में surface से ज्यादा सोना है — लेकिन वहाँ पहुंचना impossible है।
Deep Science
Earth का magnetic field घूमते हुए liquid iron से बनता है।
Different
Moon की वजह से Earth की tilt stable रही — seasons possible हुए।
Unbelievable
Humans ने अभी तक पृथ्वी का सिर्फ 0.0001% हिस्सा ही physically explore किया है।
5. Mars (मंगल ग्रह)
Position
4th planet from the Sun.
Nickname
Red Planet — due to iron oxide (rust).
Atmosphere
Thin layer of carbon dioxide (CO₂).
Moons
2 small moons — Phobos and Deimos.
Surface
Dusty, rocky, red soil.
Interesting
- Olympus Mons — tallest volcano in the solar system
- Valles Marineris — a deep, giant canyon
Scientific Info
- Orbit Period: 687 Earth days
- Day Length: 24.6 hours
- Diameter: ~6,779 km
- Temperature: −140°C to 30°C
- Atmosphere: Thin CO₂
Fun Facts
- Dust storms can cover entire planet.
- Has evidence of ancient rivers and deltas.
- Mars has seasons like Earth.
Fun Fact
Mars पर sunset नीला होता है, और दिन में sky लाल दिखता है।
Shocking Fact
Mars की gravity Earth से 62% कम है — आप वहां 3x ऊंचा कूद सकते हो।
Deep Science
Poles पर dry ice जमा है — गर्मियों में evaporate हो जाता है।
Different
Surface पर riverbeds और deltas मिले हैं — past water flow का proof।
Unbelievable
Mars का day (24.6 hrs) इतना Earth जैसा है कि clocks बदलने की जरूरत नहीं!
6. Jupiter (बृहस्पति ग्रह)
Position
5th planet from the Sun.
Type
Gas giant — largest planet in the solar system.
Atmosphere
Mainly hydrogen and helium.
Special Feature
Great Red Spot — a storm larger than Earth, ongoing for centuries.
Moons
95+ moons — Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system.
Rings
Yes — faint, dusty rings.
Scientific Info
- Diameter: ~142,984 km
- Mass: 318x Earth
- Moons: 95+ (Ganymede is the biggest)
- Magnetic Field: 14x Earth
- Rings: 3 thin dusty rings
Fun Facts
- Emits more heat than it gets from the Sun.
- Its magnetic field is so big, it would glow if visible.
- Ganymede has its own magnetic field.
Fun Fact
Jupiter इतना बड़ा है कि सारे planets को मिलाकर उसमें 1300 बार fit किया जा सकता है।
Shocking Fact
Jupiter में कोई solid surface नहीं — उतरते-उतरते gas में घुल जाओगे।
Deep Science
Magnetic field इतना बड़ा है कि अगर दिखता तो Earth के sky में चमकता नजर आता।
Different
Ganymede — Mercury से भी बड़ी moon, और उसका खुद का magnetic field है।
Unbelievable
Jupiter एक असफल तारा है — थोड़ा और mass होता तो nuclear fusion चालू हो जाती।
7. Saturn (शनि ग्रह)
Position
6th planet from the Sun.
Known for
Stunning ring system — most iconic in the solar system.
Type
Gas giant
Atmosphere
Mainly hydrogen and helium
Moons
145+ moons — including Titan, which has its own atmosphere.
Scientific Info
- Diameter: ~120,536 km
- Moons: 145+ (Titan — 2nd largest moon in solar system)
- Density: 0.687 g/cm³ (lighter than water)
- Rings: Thousands of icy particles stretching over 200,000 km
Fun Facts
- If you had a giant bathtub, Saturn would float in it.
- Titan has rivers and lakes — but of liquid methane.
- Saturn’s rings are quite young and may vanish one day.
Fun Fact
Saturn के rings लगभग football field जितने पतले हैं — फिर भी 2 लाख किलोमीटर तक फैले हैं।
Shocking Fact
Titan (moon of Saturn) पर rain होती है — लेकिन पानी की नहीं, liquid methane की!
Deep Science
Rings mostly ice और rock से बने हैं और ये temporary structures हैं।
Different
Saturn इतना हल्का है कि पानी में तैरेगा।
Unbelievable
Scientists को लगता है rings future में disappear हो सकती हैं, क्योंकि वो Saturn पर गिर रही हैं।
8. Uranus (अरुण ग्रह)
Position
7th planet from the Sun
Type
Ice giant
Color
Pale cyan-blue due to methane gas
Tilt
98° axial tilt — spins on its side!
Moons
27 known moons
Rings
Yes, faint and vertical due to extreme tilt
Scientific Info
- Type: Ice Giant
- Rotation Tilt: 98° (barrel roll motion)
- Atmosphere: Hydrogen, Helium, Methane
- Moons: 27
- Color: Cyan due to methane absorbing red light
Fun Facts
- Coldest planet in solar system: −224°C
- Named after the Greek god of the sky
- Rings are vertical because Uranus lies on its side
Fun Fact
Uranus का axis इतना tilt है कि वो latke हुए barrel जैसा घूमता है।
Shocking Fact
Uranus पर seasons 21-21 साल के होते हैं — imagine 21 साल की गर्मी!
Deep Science
Methane gas red light absorb करता है, इसलिए Uranus का रंग नीला-हरा (cyan) दिखता है।
Different
Uranus का magnetic field बहुत ही weird और tilted है — planet के center से भी off-axis!
Unbelievable
Uranus literally sideways roll करता है orbit में — ऐसा कोई और planet नहीं करता!
9. Neptune (वरुण ग्रह)
Position
8th planet — farthest from the Sun
Type
Ice giant
Color
Deep blue due to methane gas
Winds
Fastest in the solar system (up to 2,100 km/h)
Moons
14 known (Triton orbits in reverse — retrograde)
Rings
Yes, faint and dark
Scientific Info
- Farthest planet from the Sun
- Diameter: ~49,244 km
- Moons: 14 (Triton is largest and orbits backward)
- Atmosphere: Hydrogen (H₂), Helium (He), Methane (CH₄)
- Winds: 2,100 km/h — fastest in solar system
Fun Facts
- Discovered through mathematical prediction
- Triton might be a captured Kuiper Belt object
- Deep blue due to methane absorbing red light
Fun Fact
Neptune पर wind speed Earth की किसी भी चीज़ से तेज है — 2100 km/h तक!
Shocking Fact
Triton नाम की moon उल्टी direction में Neptune के चारों तरफ घूमती है — यह captured object है।
Deep Science
Neptune के internal heat और methane clouds इसे deep blue रंग देते हैं।
Different
Scientists को लगता है Neptune के अंदर diamond rain हो सकती है — real diamond precipitation!
Unbelievable
Neptune का एक साल 165 Earth years का होता है — एक Neptune year में human कभी बूढ़ा नहीं होता!
Pluto & Other Dwarf Planets (बौने ग्रह)
Scientific Info
- Pluto: Orbit ~248 years, Diameter ~2,377 km
- Other Dwarfs: Eris, Haumea, Makemake, Ceres
- Orbits: Highly elliptical and tilted
- Atmosphere: Pluto has a thin atmosphere active only near Sun
Moons
- Pluto has 5 moons — largest is Charon (half its size)
- Pluto and Charon orbit a shared point in space
Special Traits
- Pluto spins sideways with an axial tilt of 122.5°
- Makemake & Eris have extreme elliptical orbits
- Haumea spins so fast it's shaped like an egg
- Ceres may have salty water and possible water plumes
Fun & Unbelievable Facts
- Pluto का 1 दिन = 6.4 Earth days
- Sunlight takes 5.5 hours to reach Pluto
- It is smaller than the width of the USA
Asteroids (क्षुद्रग्रह)
Scientific Info
- Location: Mostly in Asteroid Belt (between Mars & Jupiter)
- Made of: Rock, metal, carbon-rich materials
- Largest: Ceres (~940 km)
- Total Known: Over 1 million
Fun & Shocking Facts
- Vesta is one of the brightest asteroids
- Some asteroids have their own moons
- Surface of some is darker than coal!
- Future space mining targets
- NASA brought a sample from asteroid Bennu to Earth!
Comets (धूमकेतु)
Scientific Info
- Made of: Ice, rock, dust
- Structure: Nucleus, coma, and two tails
- Tails: One dust, one ion — always point away from Sun
- Origin: Kuiper Belt (short-period), Oort Cloud (long-period)
Fun & Deep Science
- Halley’s Comet returns every 76 years
- Tails can be millions of km long
- Ancient people saw comets as omens
- Comets might have brought amino acids to Earth — life’s origin theory!
Kuiper Belt (काइपर पट्टी)
Scientific Info
- Location: 30–50 AU from Sun (beyond Neptune)
- Contains: Icy bodies, dwarf planets like Pluto, Haumea, Makemake
- Origin of: Short-period comets
Fun & Deep Facts
- Similar to asteroid belt but much larger and colder
- Believed to be frozen leftovers from solar system formation
- Home to Pluto and many dwarf planets
Oort Cloud (ओओर्ट बादल)
Scientific Info
- Hypothetical shell of icy objects surrounding the solar system
- Distance: ~2,000 to 100,000 AU from Sun
- Source of: Long-period comets
Fun Facts
- Could contain trillions of icy bodies
- Never directly seen — presence inferred by comet behavior
- Oldest frozen relics of solar system
Meteors, Meteoroids, Meteorites (उल्का पिंड)
Definitions
- Meteoroid: Rock or particle in space
- Meteor: When it enters Earth’s atmosphere (shooting star)
- Meteorite: When it hits the Earth’s surface